Greater Noakhali
Greater Noakhali Greater Noakhali is an ancient and traditional region located in the southeastern coastal area of Bangladesh. It is not just a geographical zone, but a blend of history, culture, nature, and people. This region is primarily composed of three districts—Noakhali, Feni, and Lakshmipur. Once known as “Bhulua,” this area along the Bay of Bengal has, for centuries, stood as a witness to natural diversity, riverine life, and historical legacy. Greater Noakhali not only preserves traces of ancient civilizations but also marks an important chapter in Bengal’s political and cultural development. Historically, the island of Sandwip was also considered a part of this region.
In ancient times, the area was part of the Samatata region, ruled by Hindu and Buddhist kings. Dynasties such as the Maurya, Gupta, Pala, Sena, and Chandra played crucial roles in shaping its history. The region now called Noakhali was then known as Bhulua.
During the medieval period, the region enjoyed some autonomy under the Tripura Kingdom and Bengal Sultanate. Later, it became part of the Mughal Empire. Although it briefly fell into the hands of Portuguese pirates in the 17th century, the Mughal army under Shaista Khan regained control.
The name “Noakhali” derives from the words Noa (new) and Khali (canal), referencing the settlement history by digging new canals. In 1951, due to river erosion, the old town disappeared, and the district headquarters was moved to Maijdee.
The region’s history is not just political—it is culturally rich as well. Hindu mythology refers to this area as part of the kingdom of “Suhma,” where it is believed Bhima of the Mahabharata once fought.
Geography and Natural Environment
Greater Noakhali belongs to the Chattogram Division. It is bordered by Chattogram to the east, Cumilla to the north, Bhola and Barisal to the west, and the Bay of Bengal to the south. Its landscape is flat and low-lying, making it highly vulnerable to river erosion and natural disasters. Prominent rivers include the Meghna, Feni, Gomti, and Bamni—each playing a vital role in agriculture, transportation, and biodiversity.
The climate is warm and humid. Summers are scorching, and monsoons bring heavy rainfall. Annual storms, tidal surges, flooding, and waterlogging frequently impact the lives of locals. Still, the people endure and move forward, battling nature with resilience.
Historical Context
Human habitation in this area is believed to have existed since the 3rd century BCE, during the Mauryan Empire. Subsequent dynasties—Gupta, Pala, Sena, and Chandra—ruled the area. It was known as Bhulua until renamed “Noakhali” under British rule. The district was officially declared in 1821 and named “Noakhali” in 1868.
One significant historical event was the 1946 communal riots that claimed thousands of lives in clashes between Hindus and Muslims. To restore peace, Mahatma Gandhi personally visited the area and established the Gandhi Ashram, which still stands as a historical monument.
Greater Noakhali made remarkable contributions during the 1971 Liberation War. Many were martyred, and countless women suffered abuse. Freedom fighters from this region played a vital role in the nation’s independence.
Language, Literature, and Culture
The unique Noakhaliya dialect is a distinctive variation of Bengali, rich in flavor despite its different pronunciations and vocabulary. Today, initiatives in literature, theatre, and media are helping preserve and promote this dialect.
Greater Noakhali is rich in cultural heritage. Folk music, puthi recitation, palagaan, kabigaan, nakshi kantha (embroidered quilts), baul songs, and seasonal festivals are all integral to the region’s identity. Religious celebrations like Eid, Durga Puja, and Muharram are observed in harmony across Muslim and Hindu communities.
Economy and Livelihood
The local economy is predominantly agricultural, with significant production of rice, jute, potatoes, mustard, vegetables, watermelon, and pumpkins. Its proximity to rivers and the sea makes fishing, shrimp farming, salt production, and coconut cultivation important economic activities.
Education, commerce, healthcare, and transportation are gradually improving. Institutions like Noakhali Science and Technology University (NSTU), Feni Polytechnic Institute, and Lakshmipur College are expanding opportunities for higher education.
Administrative Structure
In 1984, the original Noakhali district was divided into Noakhali, Feni, and Lakshmipur. Present-day Noakhali has 9 upazilas: Sadar, Begumganj, Chatkhil, Senbagh, Sonaimuri, Subarnachar, Kabirhat, Companiganj, and Hatiya. Each district includes several municipalities and union councils.
Tourism and Attractions
Greater Noakhali is also a delightful destination for travelers. Some notable attractions include:
· Nijhum Dwip: A captivating island on the Bay of Bengal known for its mangrove forest, deer population, and rich wildlife.
· Bajra Shahi Mosque: A historical structure built in Mughal architectural style, significant both religiously and historically.
· Gandhi Ashram: A symbol of nonviolent movement and ancient humanitarian values.
· Muhuri Irrigation Project, Bangladesh’s first windmill, Majhu Chowdhury Ghat, Khayerchhara Waterfall, coastal beaches, and natural lakes are also popular with tourists.
Current Challenges and Prospects
Challenges persist—natural disasters, river erosion, weak infrastructure, unemployment, and climate change. Fragile embankments in coastal areas make villages vulnerable to cyclones. Waterborne diseases and lack of clean water are major issues.
Still, the region is advancing. Expansion in education, technology use, transportation, and government-private initiatives are transforming it into a region full of promise. In the coming days, Greater Noakhali is poised to contribute even more to the national economy.
Conclusion
Greater Noakhali is a region of historical, cultural, and geographic importance in Bangladesh. Enriched by rivers, the sea, and nature’s beauty—and shaped by adversity, struggle, and history—it stands unique. The people, brave and determined, continue moving forward through hardships. Thus, Greater Noakhali is not just a region—it is a vital expression of Bangladesh’s very identity
